:root{
  --ink:#07111f;--ink-2:#0c1c2e;--ink-3:#102941;--text:#1a2b3f;--muted:#64748b;--line:#dce5ee;
  --cyan:#26d9c7;--cyan-dark:#0aa797;--cyan-pale:#e8fbf8;--blue:#4f7cff;--white:#fff;--soft:#f5f8fb;
  --radius:20px;--shadow:0 24px 70px rgba(7,17,31,.10);--container:1180px;
}
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.visual-grid{position:absolute;inset:3% 0 0 8%;opacity:.13;background-image:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,.16) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(255,255,255,.16) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:34px 34px;mask-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 0%,#000 18%,#000 72%,transparent 100%)}.visual-orbit{position:absolute;border:1px solid rgba(38,217,199,.17);border-radius:50%}.visual-orbit--one{width:330px;height:330px}.visual-orbit--two{width:430px;height:430px;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.08)}.security-core{position:relative;width:190px;height:190px;border-radius:42%;display:grid;place-items:center;background:linear-gradient(145deg,rgba(255,255,255,.08),rgba(38,217,199,.09));border:1px solid rgba(135,245,233,.25);box-shadow:inset 0 0 60px rgba(38,217,199,.06),0 0 70px rgba(38,217,199,.08);transform:rotate(8deg)}.security-core__halo{position:absolute;inset:18px;border-radius:42%;border:1px dashed rgba(121,242,231,.25);animation:spin 14s linear infinite}.security-core__shield{transform:rotate(-8deg);color:var(--cyan);filter:drop-shadow(0 0 20px rgba(38,217,199,.32))}.node{position:absolute;width:46px;height:46px;border-radius:14px;display:grid;place-items:center;background:#0e2a3d;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);font:700 10px 'Space Grotesk';color:#c9faf4;transform:rotate(-8deg);box-shadow:0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.node--1{left:-72px;top:-20px}.node--2{right:-72px;top:26px}.node--3{left:-68px;bottom:-12px}.node--4{right:-60px;bottom:-42px}.visual-card{position:absolute;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:11px;padding:12px 14px;background:rgba(11,32,49,.88);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);backdrop-filter:blur(12px);border-radius:14px;box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(0,0,0,.22)}.visual-card--top{top:55px;right:12px}.visual-card--bottom{left:10px;bottom:67px;color:var(--cyan)}.visual-card>div{display:grid}.visual-card small{color:#8097aa;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.1em}.visual-card strong{color:#eef8ff;font-size:12px}.status-dot{width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--cyan);box-shadow:0 0 0 5px rgba(38,217,199,.12)}@keyframes spin{to{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.stat-strip{position:relative;z-index:2;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);background:#fff;color:var(--ink);border-radius:18px 18px 0 0;box-shadow:0 -16px 42px rgba(0,0,0,.09);overflow:hidden}.stat-strip>div{padding:21px 25px;border-right:1px solid #e7edf2;display:grid}.stat-strip>div:last-child{border-right:0}.stat-strip strong{font:700 21px 'Space Grotesk'}.stat-strip span{font-size:16px;color:var(--muted);margin-top:3px}.breadcrumbs{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;color:#7990a6;font-size:12px;margin-bottom:13px}.breadcrumbs a:hover{color:#fff}.subject-hero__grid{position:relative;z-index:2;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.16fr .84fr;gap:70px;align-items:center}.subject-hero__grid .hero__copy{padding:0}.subject-hero__grid h1{font-size:clamp(40px,5vw,62px);max-width:780px}.keyword-pills{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:24px}.keyword-pills span{font-size:11px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);padding:7px 10px;border-radius:999px;color:#a9bbcb}.subject-hero-card{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(145deg,rgba(255,255,255,.09),rgba(255,255,255,.04));border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);backdrop-filter:blur(12px);padding:26px;border-radius:22px;box-shadow:0 30px 60px rgba(0,0,0,.20)}.subject-hero-card__top{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:11px;color:#93a9bb;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.12em}.subject-card__icon--large{width:50px;height:50px;background:rgba(38,217,199,.12);color:var(--cyan);border:1px solid rgba(38,217,199,.2)}.subject-hero-card h2{color:#fff;font-size:31px;margin:18px 0 8px}.subject-hero-card p{color:#aebdca;margin:0 0 18px}.subject-hero-card ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:11px}.subject-hero-card li{display:flex;gap:7px;align-items:center;font-size:12px;color:#d7e2ec}.subject-hero-card li svg{color:var(--cyan)}.subject-hero-card__footer{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.10);margin-top:21px;padding-top:17px;color:#8fa5b8;font-size:11px}.subject-hero-card__footer span{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}
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b{transform:rotate(45deg);background:var(--cyan);color:#06251f}.faq-answer{display:grid;grid-template-rows:0fr;transition:grid-template-rows .25s ease}.faq-answer>p{overflow:hidden;margin:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:14px}.faq-item.is-open .faq-answer{grid-template-rows:1fr}.faq-item.is-open .faq-answer>p{padding:0 50px 20px 0}.related-section{padding:78px 0;background:#fff}.related-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:14px}.related-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:42px 1fr 20px;gap:12px;align-items:center;padding:19px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:15px;transition:.2s}.related-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 16px 34px rgba(7,17,31,.07);border-color:#bcded9}.related-card>span{width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px;display:grid;place-items:center;background:var(--cyan-pale);color:#078f81}.related-card h3{font-size:15px}.related-card p{margin:3px 0 0;color:var(--muted);font-size:11px}.related-card>svg{color:#7f919f}.cta-section{padding:0 0 85px;background:#fff}.cta-box{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:40px;padding:43px 48px;border-radius:24px;background:linear-gradient(125deg,#0b2537,#0a3d46 66%,#0a6d68);color:#fff;box-shadow:0 28px 60px rgba(7,17,31,.16)}.cta-box h2{color:#fff;font-size:36px;margin:8px 0}.cta-box p{margin:0;color:#b8ccd4}.cta-box .btn{flex:0 0 auto}.not-found{min-height:65vh;display:grid;place-items:center;background:linear-gradient(145deg,#06101d,#0d2639);color:#fff;text-align:center;padding:80px 0}.not-found__inner{max-width:700px}.big-code{font:700 clamp(70px,16vw,150px)/1 'Space Grotesk';color:rgba(38,217,199,.18)}.not-found h1{font-size:48px}.not-found p{color:#a9bdca}.footer{background:#06101c;color:#8fa3b5;padding:66px 0 22px}
.footer__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.5fr .8fr .8fr 1.1fr;gap:45px}.brand--footer .brand__text strong{color:#fff}.footer__brand>p{max-width:360px;font-size:13px;margin:20px 0}.footer__note{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;font-size:11px;color:#71899b}.footer h3{color:#dfeaf3;font-size:14px;margin-bottom:16px}.footer ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:9px}.footer li,.footer p{font-size:12px}.footer a:hover{color:#fff}.footer__contact{padding:18px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.09);border-radius:16px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.025)}.footer__contact h3{margin:0 0 8px}.footer__bottom{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);margin-top:50px;padding-top:20px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;font-size:10px}.whatsapp-float{position:fixed;z-index:45;right:23px;bottom:23px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:11px 14px;border-radius:999px;background:#20c766;color:#fff;box-shadow:0 15px 35px rgba(20,122,61,.3);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;transition:.2s}.whatsapp-float:hover{transform:translateY(-3px)}.reveal{opacity:0;transform:translateY(18px);transition:opacity .6s ease,transform .6s ease;transition-delay:var(--delay,0ms)}.reveal.is-visible{opacity:1;transform:none}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{scroll-behavior:auto!important}.reveal{opacity:1;transform:none;transition:none}.security-core__halo{animation:none}}
@media(max-width:1050px){.desktop-nav{display:none}.menu-toggle{display:block}.desktop-cta{display:none}.mobile-overlay{display:block;position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(4,11,18,.55);z-index:70;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transition:.25s}.mobile-overlay.is-open{opacity:1;visibility:visible}.mobile-menu{display:flex;position:fixed;z-index:80;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:min(390px,88vw);background:#fff;flex-direction:column;padding:22px;transform:translateX(105%);transition:.28s;box-shadow:-30px 0 60px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}.mobile-menu.is-open{transform:none}.mobile-menu__head{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding-bottom:20px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.mobile-close{border:0;background:#f0f4f7;width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:11px;font-size:27px;line-height:1;cursor:pointer}.mobile-nav{display:grid;padding:18px 0}.mobile-nav>a,.mobile-accordion{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;padding:14px 3px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eef2f5;background:none;color:var(--ink);font-weight:700;text-align:left}.mobile-accordion{cursor:pointer}.mobile-subjects{display:grid;max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:max-height .28s ease}.mobile-subjects.is-open{max-height:380px}.mobile-subjects a{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px;padding:10px 12px;margin:4px 0;background:#f6f9fa;border-radius:10px;font-size:12px;color:#405466}.mobile-menu__cta{margin-top:auto;padding:18px;border-radius:16px;background:#f1f7f7}.mobile-menu__cta p{font-weight:700;color:var(--ink);margin:0 0 10px}.hero__grid,.subject-hero__grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:20px}.hero-visual{height:380px}.hero__copy{padding-bottom:25px}.subject-hero__grid .hero__copy{padding-bottom:20px}.subject-hero-card{max-width:650px}.subject-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.steps-grid,.problem-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.two-col,.two-col--balanced{gap:42px}.footer__grid{grid-template-columns:1.4fr 1fr 1fr}.footer__contact{grid-column:1/-1;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px}.footer__contact p{margin:0}.footer__contact .btn{width:auto}.section-head--split{gap:45px}.content-split{gap:45px}}
@media(max-width:760px){.container{width:min(calc(100% - 28px),var(--container))}.topbar__trust{display:none}.topbar__inner{min-height:34px}.topbar__message{font-size:10px}.topbar__right{font-size:10px}.nav-wrap{height:66px}.brand__mark{width:37px;height:37px;border-radius:11px}.brand__text strong{font-size:15px}.brand__text small{font-size:9px}.hero--home{padding-top:52px}.hero--subject{padding:40px 0 50px}.hero__copy{padding-top:0}.hero h1{font-size:41px}.hero__lead{font-size:16px}.hero__actions{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr}.hero__actions .btn{width:100%}.trust-row{gap:10px;font-size:11px}.hero-visual{height:320px;transform:scale(.9);margin:-15px 0}.visual-orbit--one{width:270px;height:270px}.visual-orbit--two{width:345px;height:345px}.security-core{width:155px;height:155px}.visual-card--top{right:-10px}.visual-card--bottom{left:-8px}.stat-strip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;border-radius:16px 16px 0 0}.stat-strip>div:nth-child(2){border-right:0}.stat-strip>div:nth-child(-n+2){border-bottom:1px solid #e7edf2}.stat-strip>div{padding:16px}.section{padding:68px 0}.section-head--split,.two-col,.two-col--balanced,.content-split,.faq-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:30px}.section-head--split{align-items:start}.section-head h2{font-size:33px}.subject-grid,.steps-grid,.problem-grid,.related-grid,.insight-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.subject-card{min-height:260px}.code-panel pre{padding:21px;font-size:11px}.topic-list{grid-template-columns:1fr}.topic-list>div{border-right:0}.topic-list>div:nth-last-child(-n+2){border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08)}.topic-list>div:last-child{border-bottom:0}.faq-intro,.keyword-box{position:static}.subject-hero-card ul{grid-template-columns:1fr}.cta-section{padding-bottom:65px}.cta-box{padding:31px 25px;display:grid}.cta-box h2{font-size:30px}.cta-box .btn{width:100%}.footer__grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:30px}.footer__brand,.footer__contact{grid-column:1/-1}.footer__contact{display:block}.footer__contact p{margin:0 0 12px}.footer__contact .btn{width:100%}.footer__bottom{display:grid}.whatsapp-float{right:14px;bottom:14px;padding:12px}.whatsapp-float span{display:none}.breadcrumbs{margin-bottom:16px}.keyword-pills{display:none}}
/* v2: desktop subject menu */
.dropdown-panel{width:min(860px,calc(100vw - 48px));z-index:20}
.dropdown-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:10px;padding-top:14px}
.dropdown-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:42px minmax(0,1fr);align-items:center;gap:12px;padding:13px 14px;border:1px solid #e7eef3;background:#f8fbfc;border-radius:14px;transition:transform .18s ease,border-color .18s ease,background .18s ease,box-shadow .18s ease}
.dropdown-card:hover,.dropdown-card:focus-visible{transform:translateY(-2px);border-color:#b7e7df;background:#f3fbf9;box-shadow:0 10px 24px rgba(7,17,31,.07);outline:0}
.dropdown-card__icon{width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px;display:grid;place-items:center;background:#e7f8f5;color:#078d7f}
.dropdown-card>span:last-child{display:grid;min-width:0;gap:2px}
.dropdown-card strong{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.25}
.dropdown-card small{display:block;font-size:11px;color:#718096;line-height:1.35}
.dropdown-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;padding:7px 10px;border-radius:999px;background:#edf8f6;color:#087f73;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap}
.mobile-subjects.is-open{max-height:680px;overflow-y:auto}
@media(max-width:1050px){.dropdown-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}

/* v2.1: align the Subjects chevron with the menu label */
.nav-dropdown__toggle{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;line-height:1.2}
.nav-dropdown__toggle .chevron{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:14px;height:14px;font-size:14px;line-height:1;position:relative;top:-1px;transform:none}
.nav-dropdown.is-open .chevron{transform:rotate(180deg);top:1px}

/* v2.3: blog-style solved assignments */
.nav-dropdown--case .dropdown-panel{width:min(590px,calc(100vw - 48px))}
.dropdown-grid--case{grid-template-columns:1fr}
.blog-index-page,.blog-page{background:#fff}
.blog-shell{max-width:940px}
.blog-index-head,.blog-article-head{padding:64px 0 52px;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f6fafb,#fff);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.blog-index-head h1,.blog-article-head h1{max-width:900px;margin:14px 0 0;font-size:clamp(38px,5vw,62px);line-height:1.05;letter-spacing:-.03em}
.blog-label,.blog-list-card__label{display:inline-flex;padding:7px 10px;border-radius:999px;background:#e8f8f5;color:#087f73;font-size:11px;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em}
.blog-topic-line{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:20px;color:#6d7e8e;font-size:13px}
.blog-topic-line span{color:#9aacb8}
.blog-list-section{padding:60px 0 90px}
.blog-list{display:grid;gap:18px}
.blog-list-card{padding:30px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:18px;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 10px 28px rgba(7,17,31,.035)}
.blog-list-card h2{margin:15px 0 10px;font-size:29px}
.blog-list-card h2 a:hover{color:#078d7f}
.blog-list-card p{color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 16px}
.blog-body-section{padding:60px 0 90px}
.blog-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,760px) 220px;gap:58px;align-items:start}
.blog-article{font-size:16px;line-height:1.78;color:#3d5263}
.blog-article section+section{margin-top:64px;padding-top:58px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.blog-article h2{font-size:36px;line-height:1.15;margin:0 0 14px;color:var(--ink)}
.blog-article h3{font-size:26px;line-height:1.25;margin:38px 0 12px;color:var(--ink)}
.blog-article h4{font-size:19px;line-height:1.35;margin:28px 0 8px;color:#17384a}
.blog-article p{margin:0 0 18px}
.blog-article ul{padding-left:24px;margin:10px 0 22px}
.blog-article li{margin:8px 0}
.blog-article .nested-list{margin:3px 0 5px}
.source-meta{padding:12px 15px;border-left:3px solid var(--cyan);background:#f5faf9;color:#57706f;font-size:13px}
.assignment-diagram,.assignment-command,.assignment-output{overflow:auto;border-radius:14px;background:#071321;color:#d9e8f4;border:1px solid #163148;padding:20px;margin:14px 0 24px}
.assignment-diagram code,.assignment-command code,.assignment-output code{font:500 12px/1.65 Consolas,"SFMono-Regular",monospace;white-space:pre}
.assignment-result{display:inline-flex;padding:7px 10px;border-radius:8px;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;margin:-8px 0 22px}
.assignment-result--valid{background:#e5f8eb;color:#137743}
.assignment-result--invalid{background:#fff0f1;color:#ad3d48}
.article-table-wrap{overflow-x:auto;margin:14px 0 28px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px}
.article-table{width:100%;min-width:600px;border-collapse:collapse}
.article-table th,.article-table td{padding:14px 16px;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #e8eef2;font-size:13px}
.article-table th{background:#153d74;color:#fff}
.article-table tbody tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0}
.blog-sidebar{position:sticky;top:105px;display:grid;gap:15px}
.blog-sidebar-card{display:grid;padding:18px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px;background:#fafcfc}
.blog-sidebar-card .mini-label{margin-bottom:10px}
.blog-sidebar-card a{padding:9px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e8eef1;color:#4d6476;font-size:12px;line-height:1.45}
.blog-sidebar-card a:last-child{border-bottom:0}
.blog-sidebar-card a:hover{color:#078d7f}
.home-case-card--blog{grid-template-columns:1fr}
.home-case-card--blog h3{font-size:27px}
.subject-case-promo{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 190px;gap:35px;align-items:center;padding:30px;border:1px solid #cce5e1;border-radius:20px;background:linear-gradient(120deg,#fff,#effaf8)}
.subject-case-promo h2{margin:9px 0 10px}
.subject-case-promo p{color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 12px}
.subject-case-promo__meta{display:grid;place-items:center;text-align:center;padding:20px;border-radius:16px;background:#0b2638;color:#fff}
.subject-case-promo__meta strong{font-size:18px;color:var(--cyan)}
.subject-case-promo__meta span{font-size:11px;color:#9db0bf;margin-top:6px}
@media(max-width:1050px){.blog-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr}.blog-sidebar{position:static;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}
@media(max-width:760px){.blog-index-head,.blog-article-head{padding:45px 0 38px}.blog-body-section{padding:42px 0 70px}.blog-article h2{font-size:30px}.blog-article h3{font-size:23px}.blog-sidebar{grid-template-columns:1fr}.subject-case-promo{grid-template-columns:1fr}.assignment-diagram,.assignment-command,.assignment-output{padding:15px}.assignment-diagram code,.assignment-command code,.assignment-output code{font-size:10px}}

/* v2.3.1: readable blog title */
.blog-article-head h1,.blog-index-head h1{color:#07111f!important;text-shadow:none!important}
.blog-article-head{background:#f6fafb}

/* v2.4: source product files in solved assignment */
.product-file-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px;margin:14px 0 30px}
.product-file-card{overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px;background:#fff}
.product-file-card__head{padding:11px 14px;background:#eef6f6;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);color:#163b4e;font-size:12px}
.product-file-content{margin:0;padding:17px 18px;overflow:auto;background:#0a1722;color:#d9e8f4}
.product-file-content code{font:500 12px/1.65 Consolas,"SFMono-Regular",monospace;white-space:pre}
@media(max-width:760px){.product-file-content{padding:14px}.product-file-content code{font-size:10px}}

/* v2.6: learning-first solved project case study */
.case-study-learning-page{background:#fff}
.case-learning-hero{padding-bottom:42px}
.case-learning-intro{max-width:800px;margin:18px 0 0;color:#536979;font-size:17px;line-height:1.7}
.case-snapshot-section{padding:24px 0 0;background:#fff}
.case-snapshot-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:12px}
.case-snapshot-card{padding:17px 18px;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:14px;background:#f8fbfc}
.case-snapshot-card span{display:block;margin-bottom:6px;color:#708594;font-size:10px;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em}
.case-snapshot-card strong{display:block;color:#17384a;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45}
.case-section-heading{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:14px;margin-bottom:16px}
.case-section-number{display:grid;place-items:center;flex:0 0 42px;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px;background:#0c8f82;color:#fff;font-size:12px;font-weight:900}
.case-section-heading .mini-label{display:block;margin-bottom:4px}
.case-section-heading h2{margin:0}
.requirement-map{display:grid;gap:10px;margin:22px 0 34px}
.requirement-map-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:48px 1fr 24px;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:16px;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:14px;background:#fbfdfd;transition:.18s}
.requirement-map-row:hover{border-color:#9fd8d0;transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 22px rgba(7,17,31,.05)}
.requirement-map-row__num{display:grid;place-items:center;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px;background:#e7f7f4;color:#087f73;font-weight:900}
.requirement-map-row strong{display:block;margin-bottom:3px;color:#17384a;font-size:15px}
.requirement-map-row small{display:block;color:#6a7d8d;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5}
.requirement-map-row__arrow{color:#0b8f82}
.case-grade-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:10px;margin:14px 0 26px}
.case-grade-card{padding:15px;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:13px;background:#fff;text-align:center}
.case-grade-card span{display:block;color:#647a89;font-size:11px}
.case-grade-card strong{display:block;margin-top:5px;color:#0b7e72;font-size:22px}
.learning-step{margin:28px 0 42px!important;padding:0!important;border:1px solid #dce7ec!important;border-radius:18px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff}
.learning-step__head{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:18px 20px;background:#0b2638;color:#fff}
.learning-step__head>span{display:grid;place-items:center;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px;background:#11a895;color:#fff;font-weight:900}
.learning-step__head small{display:block;margin-bottom:1px;color:#91b6c2;font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em}
.learning-step__head h3{margin:0!important;color:#fff!important;font-size:22px!important}
.learning-step__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:0}
.learning-step__grid--compact{border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:14px;overflow:hidden;margin-top:18px}
.learning-panel{padding:20px;border-right:1px solid #e3ebef;border-bottom:1px solid #e3ebef;min-height:150px}
.learning-panel:nth-child(2n){border-right:0}
.learning-panel:nth-last-child(-n+2){border-bottom:0}
.learning-panel__label{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:10px;font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.09em}
.learning-panel p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.7}
.learning-panel--requirement{background:#f8fafc}.learning-panel--requirement .learning-panel__label{color:#466379}
.learning-panel--solution{background:#f4fbf9}.learning-panel--solution .learning-panel__label{color:#087f73}
.learning-panel--evidence{background:#fffaf2}.learning-panel--evidence .learning-panel__label{color:#a26b17}
.learning-panel--meaning{background:#f8f6fc}.learning-panel--meaning .learning-panel__label{color:#6f55a1}
.learning-step__result{display:flex;gap:14px;align-items:flex-start;padding:16px 20px;background:#edf8f6;border-top:1px solid #cde8e3}
.learning-step__result strong{flex:0 0 auto;color:#087f73}
.learning-step__result span{color:#345767;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6}
.case-command-box{margin:20px;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:13px;background:#fbfcfd;overflow:hidden}
.case-command-box summary{cursor:pointer;padding:14px 16px;color:#244b60;font-weight:800;font-size:13px}
.case-command-box>div{padding:0 16px 3px}
.case-key-finding{margin:20px;padding:18px;border-radius:14px;background:#fff8e8;border:1px solid #f2d89d}
.case-key-finding>span{display:block;color:#9a6918;font-size:10px;font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em}
.case-key-finding strong{display:block;margin:6px 0 8px;color:#6b4910;font-size:16px}
.case-key-finding p{margin:0;font-size:14px}
.case-concept-diagram{display:flex;margin:22px 20px 14px;border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid #cad9e1}
.case-concept-diagram span{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:62px;padding:10px;text-align:center;font-size:11px;font-weight:800}
.case-concept-diagram__padding{flex:3;background:#e9eff3;color:#4f6879}
.case-concept-diagram__eip{flex:1;background:#173d73;color:#fff}
.case-concept-diagram__landing{flex:1.5;background:#e9f8f5;color:#0b756a}
.case-concept-diagram__code{flex:1.5;background:#0b2638;color:#d5eef0}
.learning-step>.case-concept-diagram+p{padding:0 20px 20px;margin:0}
.case-study-callout{margin:24px 0;padding:18px 20px;border:1px solid #cbe5e1;border-left:4px solid #0b9c8d;border-radius:14px;background:#f3fbf9}
.case-study-callout strong{display:block;margin-bottom:5px;color:#0c5f57}
.case-study-callout p{margin:0}
.case-study-callout--safe{border-color:#d7e4ee;border-left-color:#416a8a;background:#f5f8fb}
.case-study-callout--safe strong{color:#284c68}
.case-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px;margin:18px 0 30px}
.case-grid-card{padding:18px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px;background:#fafcfc}
.case-grid-card h3{font-size:17px;margin:0 0 7px}
.case-grid-card p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.65}
.defense-list{display:grid;gap:10px}
.defense-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:42px 1fr;gap:14px;padding:16px;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:13px;background:#fbfdfd}
.defense-row>span{display:grid;place-items:center;width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:10px;background:#e7f7f4;color:#087f73;font-size:11px;font-weight:900}
.defense-row strong{color:#17384a}
.defense-row p{margin:4px 0 0;font-size:14px}
.case-evidence-block{margin:20px 0}
.student-takeaway-list{display:grid;gap:10px}
.student-takeaway-list>div{display:grid;grid-template-columns:42px 1fr;gap:14px;align-items:start;padding:15px;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:13px;background:#fff}
.student-takeaway-list span{display:grid;place-items:center;width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:10px;background:#0b2638;color:#fff;font-size:11px;font-weight:900}
.student-takeaway-list p{margin:5px 0 0;font-size:14px}
@media(max-width:900px){.case-snapshot-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.case-grade-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}
@media(max-width:760px){.case-snapshot-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.learning-step__grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.learning-panel{border-right:0}.learning-panel:nth-last-child(-n+2){border-bottom:1px solid #e3ebef}.learning-panel:last-child{border-bottom:0}.case-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.case-concept-diagram{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.case-grade-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.requirement-map-row{grid-template-columns:42px 1fr}.requirement-map-row__arrow{display:none}}

/* v2.7: shared case-study conversion CTA + crypto case details */
.case-conversion-cta{margin:46px 0;padding:28px;border-radius:20px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#082437,#0b4c57);color:#fff;box-shadow:0 18px 42px rgba(7,17,31,.13)}
.case-conversion-cta--footer{margin-top:58px}
.case-conversion-cta__kicker{display:inline-flex;margin-bottom:10px;padding:6px 9px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.1);color:#9de4db;font-size:10px;font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.09em}
.case-conversion-cta h2{margin:0 0 10px!important;color:#fff!important;font-size:30px!important}
.case-conversion-cta p{max-width:680px;margin:0;color:#d3e3e8}
.case-conversion-cta__actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin-top:19px}
.case-conversion-cta .btn--ghost{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.28);color:#fff;background:transparent}
.case-conversion-cta .btn--ghost:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.08)}
.case-detail-block{padding:20px;border-top:1px solid #e4ecef;background:#fcfefe}
.case-detail-block>h4:first-child{margin-top:0}
.case-detail-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px}
.case-detail-grid>div{padding:17px;border:1px solid #e0e9ed;border-radius:13px;background:#fff}
.case-detail-grid ul{margin-bottom:0}
@media(max-width:760px){.case-conversion-cta{padding:23px 20px}.case-conversion-cta h2{font-size:25px!important}.case-conversion-cta__actions{display:grid}.case-conversion-cta__actions .btn{width:100%}.case-detail-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}

/* v2.8: pfSense VPN lab source solution */
.pfsense-case-study .case-learning-hero h1{max-width:900px}
.vpn-question{margin:0 0 32px;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:18px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;scroll-margin-top:110px}
.vpn-question__head{display:grid;grid-template-columns:54px 1fr;gap:15px;align-items:start;padding:20px;background:#f5f9fa;border-bottom:1px solid #dce7ec}
.vpn-question__number{display:grid;place-items:center;width:48px;height:48px;border-radius:13px;background:#0b2638;color:#fff;font-size:13px;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:.05em}
.vpn-question__head small{display:block;margin:1px 0 5px;color:#168579;font-size:10px;font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.09em}
.vpn-question__head h3{margin:0!important;font-size:20px!important;line-height:1.4}
.vpn-question__answer{padding:22px}
.vpn-question__answer>p:first-child{margin-top:0}
.vpn-question__answer>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.source-screenshot{margin:22px 0 2px;border:1px solid #d8e3e8;border-radius:14px;overflow:hidden;background:#f7fafb}
.source-screenshot a{display:block;background:#eef3f5}
.source-screenshot img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;background:#fff}
.source-screenshot figcaption{padding:11px 13px;color:#496372;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.5}
.vpn-path{margin:16px 0;padding:15px 17px;border-left:4px solid #0b9c8d;border-radius:10px;background:#f0faf8;color:#164d4a;font-weight:800;line-height:1.6}
.vpn-source-list{margin:12px 0 18px;padding-left:22px}
.vpn-source-list li{margin:7px 0}
@media(max-width:760px){.vpn-question__head{grid-template-columns:44px 1fr;padding:16px}.vpn-question__number{width:40px;height:40px}.vpn-question__head h3{font-size:17px!important}.vpn-question__answer{padding:17px}}


/* v3.0: Squid proxy case-study source evidence */
.squid-part-heading{margin:42px 0 18px;padding:18px 20px;border:1px solid #dbe6ea;border-radius:16px;background:#f7fafb}
.squid-part-heading span{display:block;margin-bottom:4px;color:#0b8b7c;font-size:10px;font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.09em}
.squid-part-heading h2{margin:0!important;font-size:24px!important}
.squid-source-screenshot{margin-top:20px}
.squid-evidence-crop{position:relative;overflow:hidden;width:100%;aspect-ratio:4/3;border-radius:12px;background:#edf2f4}
.squid-evidence-crop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:300%;max-width:none;height:auto;transform:translate(calc(var(--col) * -33.333333%),calc(var(--row) * -20%));transform-origin:top left}
.squid-source-screenshot a{display:block}
@media(max-width:760px){.squid-part-heading{margin-top:34px;padding:16px}.squid-part-heading h2{font-size:21px!important}}

/* v3.1: Red Team Capstone case study */
.red-team-capstone-case-study .case-learning-hero h1{max-width:940px}
.capstone-requirement-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;margin:18px 0 34px}
.capstone-requirement-grid .learning-panel{border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:16px;background:#fff}
.capstone-evidence img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;background:#091524}
.capstone-source-copy>p{font-size:16px;line-height:1.8}
.capstone-source-copy .case-conversion-cta{margin:36px 0}
@media(max-width:760px){.capstone-requirement-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}

/* v3.2: Return-to-libc source-first case study */
.return-libc-case-study .case-learning-hero h1{max-width:960px}
.retlib-solution-copy{font-size:16px;line-height:1.8}
.retlib-solution-copy>p{white-space:normal}
.retlib-evidence-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:14px;margin:20px 0 32px}
.retlib-source-shot{margin:20px 0;border:1px solid #d8e3e8;border-radius:14px;overflow:hidden;background:#f7fafb}
.retlib-evidence-grid .retlib-source-shot{margin:0}
.retlib-source-shot figcaption{padding:10px 12px;color:#496372;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.5}
.retlib-evidence-crop{position:relative;overflow:hidden;width:100%;aspect-ratio:360/203;background:#fff}
.retlib-evidence-crop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:300%;max-width:none;height:auto;transform:translate(calc(var(--col) * -33.333333%),calc(var(--row) * -25%));transform-origin:top left}
.retlib-source-file{margin:20px 0;border:1px solid #dce7ec;border-radius:14px;overflow:hidden;background:#fbfcfd}
.retlib-source-file summary{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:14px;cursor:pointer;padding:14px 16px;background:#eef4f6;color:#17384a;font-weight:900}
.retlib-source-file summary small{color:#66808e;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em}
.retlib-source-file pre{margin:0;border-radius:0;max-height:680px;overflow:auto}
.return-libc-case-study code{overflow-wrap:normal}
@media(max-width:760px){.retlib-evidence-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.retlib-source-file summary{align-items:flex-start}}